What is Hardware?

Are these terms familiar to you?
Monitor, RAM, CD drive, CPU, graphic cards are all hardware, or more
accurately, computer hardware. These components make up a computer,
working together with computer software to make a computer work.

Simply put, hardware is the tangible parts of your computer, parts you can touch, feel and so on.

Hardware Failures

As
mentioned before, hardware and software work together to form a fully
functional system, theoretically. However, rarely do you get a fully
functional system all the time. There will almost certainly be
malfunction of hardware, be it within the electronic circuits or even
the whole component itself. Sometimes, the originating factor of the
hardware failure is not the components of the system itself, but due to
outside factors such as environmental disasters like fire, earthquakes
and lightning storm.

Recovery of failed hardware components is not
a big problem by itself. It is basically identifying and replacing the
problematic component. However, hardware failures are most deadly, when
it affects daily routine and affecting critical personal or business
data. This is especially true of the most important component of a
computer system when it comes to storage of data, the hard disk.

The following is a list of common hardware failures:

• RAM Failures
• Power Connector
• Hard Disk
• Overheating
• LCD Failures
• Motherboard
• USB Box

RAM Failures

Bad RAM is somehow harder to
diagnose as similar symptoms may be caused by software problems, other
hardware problems or even motherboard failure. However if you experience
any of these symptoms, users should check for bad RAM before attempting
any other troubleshooting.

Symptoms:

• Windows doesn’t start showing different error messages each time.
• Windows crashes (blue screen) or freezes frequently.
• Windows crashes as soon as you try to start a program.
• Unexplained random crashes and freezes without error messages.

Power Adaptor

The common weak spot on any
laptop is the DC power jack. If someone trips over the power adapter
cable while it is still connected to the laptop, there is a high
possibility that the power jack will get severely damaged.

On most
laptops, the DC power jack is soldered directly to the motherboard and
there are only three or four small pins holding it in place, which makes
the power jack rather weak. Any sideways pulling of the DC power cord
while attached to the laptop will usually dislodge at least one of these
pins, breaking the solder around it. Modern laptops use quite a lot of
power, from about 70W to 120W or even more. The bad electrical
connection from the dislodged pin will cause sparks and heating that
will eventually burn a hole through the motherboard and can even be a
fire hazard.

Symptoms which indicates poor contact between the DC power jack and the motherboard:

• The battery is not charging properly or stays at half charge despite having to use the power adaptor.
• The screen flickers (the brightness is changing) while the power
  cord is plugged in. This is caused by the laptop switching between DC
  power (screen is brighter) and battery power (screen is dimmer).
• The DC plug gets hot after a few minutes of use and may even smell of burning.
• There are “scratching” sounds coming from the DC jack.

How to test for broken power jack:

1. Remove the battery

2. Plug in the power cord

3. Start the laptop

4. Gently wiggle the DC power plug on the back of the laptop

If the laptop shuts down abruptly (looses power), find
the dealer to re-solder or change the DC power jack as soon as possible
as the motherboard has already started to burn around the dislodged
pins. The manufacturer might offer to replace the whole motherboard;
however the price of a new motherboard together with the labor charge
for installing it will usually cost more than the current value of that
laptop and sometimes can the pricing can cost over a thousand dollars.

Replacing
or re-soldering the DC power jack is not an easy job. It usually takes a
few hours depending on the damage and the model of the laptop. To reach
the power jack, the laptop has to be completely disassembled and have
the motherboard taken out. Then if the board around the dislodged pin is
badly burned, the power jack has to be un-soldered and the board has to
be patched.

After that a different power jack has to be
installed, attached to the case of the laptop and connected with wires
to the motherboard, as the patched board wouldn’t be strong enough to
support the original type of power jack that was soldered directly to
the board.

Hard Disk

Hard disk failures are
the most common computer hardware problems. And laptop hard disks fail
more often than desktop hard disks due to the portability of a laptop as
compared to the rather stagnant laptop. If user knock hard or drop the
laptop even a few inches while the hard disk is being accessed or
powered up, damage can be done to the hard disk.

Symptoms:

• The laptop starts as usual but when Windows starts to load it goes
  to blue screen with either “UNMOUNTABLE_BOOT_VOLUME”, “hal.dll is
  missing or corrupt” or “WINDOWSSYSTEM32CONFIGSYSTEM” (or similar) is
  missing or corrupt. All these error messages indicate a file system
  problem. Sometimes it can be fixed by just scanning the hard disk for
  errors. However more than half of these cases indicate that the hard
  disk is starting to go bad and is probably developing bad sectors.
• The laptop starts as usual but Windows freezes on the initial
  “Windows XP” screen, although the blue bar continues to move, and users
  are able to hear feint but continuous clicking. Hard disks have to be
  replaced.
• As soon as the laptop is started there are loud clicks or grinding
  sounds and Windows doesn’t load. Hard disks have to be replaced as well.
• Shortly after starting the laptop a message appears (usually on a
  black screen) “SMART test failed. Backup your data immediately and
  replace the hard disk” or similar. Well, that says it all. S.M.A.R.T. is
  a self-test that is build into the hard disk.

In almost all cases the laptop can be started from a
“live” bootable CD and everything works normal. In rare cases the hard
disk PCB (printed circuit board) may get short circuited and even burn.
In this scenario, the laptop won’t start unless the hard disk is
removed.

A good tool to use to check for hard disk lifespan is ADRC’s hard disk checker. It will scan the hard disk for bad sectors and inform you if the drive is still of good usability.

Overheating

Overheating
happens when inadequate airflow from outside the computer’s case across
the CPU and motherboard and back out of the case usually via the power
supply fan and other case fans.

Once the airflow is disrupted,
heat builds up rapidly within the case. This causes components to either
shutdown, if such protection is built in or performs erratically. Over
the long term, overheating can irreversible damage components.

It is also advisable to keep the computer in a dry and shaded room, which is clean and little dust.

LCD Failures

The most common LCD or “Liquid Crystal Display” screen failure is the inverter, cable and backlight.

Symptoms:

• The laptop appears to start as usual but the screen is black, if users move it, it turns on and works properly. Failed cable.
• The laptop appears to start as usual but the screen is very dark,
  although it changes colour a little and users can see a very feint
  image. Failed inverter or cable 90%/10%.
• Immediately after starting the screen has dark pink/red tint and turns dark after a few seconds. Failed backlight.
• The screen flickers a few times but then turns dark, if users move
  it or tap it lightly on the sides, it flickers again. Failed cable or
  LCD 50%/50%.
• Screen is either black or white (no picture) and external monitor works. Failed cable or LCD 30%/70%.
• There are stripes on the screen (either vertical or horizontal) that
  change when users move the screen or tap it lightly on the sides.
  Failed cable or LCD 10%/90%.

Motherboard

Most motherboard related
failures are due to the “On-board” regulated supplies and component
failure within those circuits. The on-board power supply circuit had
partially failed and was overloading subsequent components else the
problem would be with the capacitors which are defective in the first
place.

A motherboard failure on a laptop that is out of warranty
would usually mean that it’s time for a new laptop. The price of a new
motherboard is usually higher than the current value of the laptop.

Symptoms:

Plug in the power adaptor and try to start the laptop.

• Nothing happens.
• The “ON” light comes on, the fan spins, but nothing on the screen (black) and you can’t hear the HD working after 10-15 sec.
• The “ON” light comes on, the fan spins, but after a few seconds the light goes off.
• After pressing the “ON” button the screen stays black and you can hear a quiet high-pitched sound coming from the laptop.

Corrupted or improper device drivers and operating system

Invalid
or corrupt device drivers can wreck havoc on a server, rendering the
system unbootable in some cases. Device drivers may also conflict with
certain application programs and cause problems with the computer
system.

As Windows Vista has just made its launch, chances are
some hardware is not supported or not supported fully by the new
operating system.

Also, system updates, driver updates can also fix your “hardware” problems.

See updating and fixes

Also,
it helps (occasionally) to call the respective support service for help
on the driver that is with that particular hardware.

Controller Failure:

A
controller failure can act much like a drive failure. However, when a
drive fails, users cannot access that particular drive; when a
controller fails, users cannot get access to all the drives, devices and
any other components that is attached to that particular controller.

A
controller fails because a component or components on the on the
controller board fails. When users trying to boot the system, they
cannot switch on, view, access, or even get hardware conflict messages.

Controller failure occurs due to one of the following reasons:

• Devices/components not connected properly
  
  Verify that the cables are properly connecting the device /component to the controller
  If the component fits into a slot, see that the it is flushed in and not loosely connected.




• Devices/components not setup properly
  
  Verify that the devices/components is being properly detected and setup in the respective controller setup screen




• Bad connectors
  
  Replace the bad connectors with new working ones




• Bad components
  
  Replace the component




• Bad interface board or motherboard
  
  It is recommended that these components be replaced or that the computer be sent in for servicing

Hardware Failure: The big issue

The big problem, as
mentioned earlier, is not replacing or repairing the non-functional
hardware, but the time lost, interruptions to daily routine (especially
for businesses), and the loss of critical data. If you need a running
system at all times, have a backup system as a fail safe, or even two.
If users want to ensure that none of their critical data is lost in the
event of a hardware problem with their computer, there is only one way
to do it — Back up the data as often as possible.

There are many
different ways to ensure that the data is backed up, and as technology
becomes advances, back up methods become much simpler.

Let’s look
for a moment at what a back up is. Backing up of computer files means
that users are making a copy of the data that will be stored somewhere
other than on the computer. Everyone should always have a back up of at
least the most important files, because should anyone experience a
hardware problem, they could still be able to access the files.

Many
people don’t back up their files, because they don’t know what they
need to back up. Start with those files that cannot easily be recreated.
Then, move on to files to which you make frequent changes just in case
you accidentally change something that you shouldn’t have. Back up your
music collection – because this can be quite expensive to replace in the
event of data loss.

In general, best practice is to back up the files at least monthly and more frequently if users access the files regularly.